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				<p class="content-title">Overview</p>
				
				<p class="paragraph"> Managed care is a set of contractual and management methods partnered with health care providers and medical facilities in
				providing medical services at reduced costs and improved quality care. It is a set of techniques and concepts used in financing
				and delivering health-related services to members enrolled under the system. It is believed to reduce health care expenditures 
				by offering the ability to acquire significant lower costs by contracting for large volumes of physician, laboratory, pharmacy 
				and hospital services.</p>
				
				<p class="paragraph"> The Managed Care segment covers organizations that provide Healthcare Protection Services (Insurance). The nature of such 
				business involves benefits in terms of funding coverage when availing to an array of healthcare related benefit types (e.g. Medical, 
				Pharmaceutical, Dental, Behavioural and Mental Health, etc.).</p>
				
				<p class="paragraph"> The rise for both healthcare and employee benefits costs has been the primary trigger for the development of managed care.
				As traditional corporate health insurance, Medicare and Medicaid were open-ended entitlement systems, managed care gave way to
				physicians, hospitals and insurers to benefit from increased spending. Due to cost shifting, businesses started on turning to 
				contractors to stabilize expenses, even it means having to face client complaints. Managed care provided an organizational structure
				to the nation in controlling health care delivery to improve efficiency and limit the total health care expenditures.</p>
				
				<p class="paragraph"> The Healthcare Benefits Management business started during mid-1800 period in a form where workers are paid for lost wages
				in cases where an injury was work related (Essential of Managing Healthcare, 2007, Kongstvedt; Healthcare USA, 2012). As the 
				industry matures, it had subscribed into a standard insurance model wherein coverage are extended further to other incidental
				health expenses outside work. Though adopting some concepts of insurance, the healthcare is quite peculiar as normally insurance 
				covers for low probability incidents while in the case of healthcare insurance some areas of coverage maybe discretionary and
				predictable. This approach was pioneered and popularized by Blue Cross enabling the extension of the access (mostly up to middle 
				class) to expensive healthcare benefits.</p> 
				
				<p class="paragraph"> The rising enrolment as a result of Blue Cross’ offering had driven enrolment upwards and from which had been very difficult
				to control. By 1970s, the industry made an introduction to Health Management Organization (HMO). HMO integrates healthcare 
				providers and insurers – such organization employs or manages the health services providers and thus providing better control, fraud 
				deterrence, and proper costing. Today the operating model to that of a Managed Care (HMO) Organization had been used as a standard 
				for Healthcare related insurance.</p> 

				<p class="paragraph"> Managed care basically differs from the conventional medical practice in that the transaction between the physician 
				and the patient is monitored and controlled by a manager.  In Managed Care Organization (MCO), contracts with hospitals and
				physicians are made by insurance companies, creating a network of providers. This type of network is known as the Preferred Provider
				Organization (PPO) which limits the services received by insurance beneficiaries to doctors and hospitals that are within the 
				network only. To ensure the control of costs and services given to recipients, gatekeeping is done by requiring referrals or 
				authorization from physicians, acting as managers, for special services such as hospitalization and surgery. Financial risks 
				are also controlled through capitation, which involves paying for the number of people enrolled rather than the number of services
				offered, and withholds, wherein a percentage of the amount paid for a particular medical service goes into a withhold pool to help
				compensate for any unforeseen extra volume above the projected expenditures.</p>
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